# WIA-ENE-051: Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Standard ## Phase 2: Data Format Specification --- **Version**: 1.0.0 **Status**: Complete **Date**: 2025-01 **Authors**: WIA Standards Committee **License**: MIT **Primary Color**: #EF4444 (Red) --- ## Table of Contents 1. [Overview](#overview) 2. [Data Schema](#data-schema) 3. [GHG Concentration Data](#ghg-concentration-data) 4. [Emission Inventory Data](#emission-inventory-data) 5. [Satellite Data Format](#satellite-data-format) 6. [Ground Station Data](#ground-station-data) 7. [Metadata Standards](#metadata-standards) 8. [Data Exchange Formats](#data-exchange-formats) 9. [Quality Flags](#quality-flags) 10. [Examples](#examples) --- ## Overview ### 1.1 Purpose This specification defines standardized data formats for greenhouse gas monitoring, enabling interoperability between satellite systems, ground networks, national inventories, and reporting platforms. **Key Features**: - JSON/XML data exchange formats - NetCDF for scientific data (satellite, model) - CSV for tabular inventory data - Quality assurance metadata - Uncertainty quantification ### 1.2 Data Categories | Category | Description | Format | |----------|-------------|--------| | **Concentration** | Atmospheric GHG levels (ppm, ppb) | JSON, NetCDF | | **Emissions** | Source-based emissions (tons CO2e) | JSON, CSV | | **Satellite** | Remote sensing retrievals | NetCDF, HDF5 | | **Ground** | In-situ measurements | JSON, CSV | | **Inventory** | National/sectoral totals | JSON, XML | --- ## Data Schema ### 2.1 Base GHG Data Object ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "GHGMeasurement", "id": "ghg:measurement:uuid", "timestamp": "2025-01-15T12:00:00Z", "location": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [126.9780, 37.5665], "altitude": 50, "srid": "EPSG:4326" }, "gas": "CO2", "concentration": { "value": 420.5, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.5 }, "dataSource": { "platform": "SATELLITE", "instrument": "OCO-2", "level": "L2" }, "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "confidence": 0.95 }, "metadata": { "provider": "NASA", "license": "CC-BY-4.0" } } ``` ### 2.2 Required Fields | Field | Type | Required | Description | |-------|------|----------|-------------| | `@context` | URI | ✅ | JSON-LD context | | `@type` | string | ✅ | Data type identifier | | `id` | URI | ✅ | Unique identifier | | `timestamp` | ISO 8601 | ✅ | Measurement time (UTC) | | `location` | GeoJSON | ✅ | Geographic location | | `gas` | enum | ✅ | GHG type (CO2, CH4, etc.) | | `concentration` | object | ✅ | Measurement value | | `dataSource` | object | ✅ | Source information | | `quality` | object | ✅ | Quality indicators | --- ## GHG Concentration Data ### 3.1 Atmospheric Concentration Schema ```typescript interface GHGConcentration { "@context": string; "@type": "GHGConcentration"; id: string; timestamp: string; // ISO 8601 location: GeoJSONPoint; gas: GHGType; concentration: Measurement; dataSource: DataSource; quality: QualityInfo; metadata?: Record; } type GHGType = "CO2" | "CH4" | "N2O" | "HFC" | "PFC" | "SF6" | "NF3"; interface Measurement { value: number; unit: "ppm" | "ppb" | "ppt"; uncertainty: number; uncertaintyType: "ABSOLUTE" | "RELATIVE"; } interface GeoJSONPoint { type: "Point"; coordinates: [number, number]; // [longitude, latitude] altitude?: number; // meters above sea level srid: string; // e.g., "EPSG:4326" } ``` ### 3.2 Example: CO2 Measurement ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "GHGConcentration", "id": "urn:uuid:550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000", "timestamp": "2025-01-15T12:30:00Z", "location": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [126.9780, 37.5665], "altitude": 50, "srid": "EPSG:4326" }, "gas": "CO2", "concentration": { "value": 420.5, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.5, "uncertaintyType": "ABSOLUTE" }, "dataSource": { "platform": "SATELLITE", "mission": "OCO-2", "instrument": "Spectrometer", "level": "L2", "version": "v10r" }, "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "confidence": 0.95, "cloudFraction": 0.05, "surfacePressure": 1013.25 }, "metadata": { "provider": "NASA JPL", "dataCenter": "GES DISC", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "doi": "10.5067/ABC123" } } ``` ### 3.3 Example: Methane Measurement ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "GHGConcentration", "id": "urn:uuid:660e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440001", "timestamp": "2025-01-15T14:00:00Z", "location": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [-95.3698, 29.7604], "altitude": 10, "srid": "EPSG:4326" }, "gas": "CH4", "concentration": { "value": 1950, "unit": "ppb", "uncertainty": 10, "uncertaintyType": "ABSOLUTE" }, "dataSource": { "platform": "GROUND", "network": "NOAA GML", "station": "BRW", "instrument": "CRDS", "samplingFrequency": "1Hz" }, "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "confidence": 0.98, "calibrationDate": "2025-01-01" } } ``` --- ## Emission Inventory Data ### 4.1 Emission Data Schema ```typescript interface EmissionInventory { "@context": string; "@type": "EmissionInventory"; id: string; reportingEntity: string; inventoryYear: number; sector: SectorType; subsector?: string; gas: GHGType; emissions: EmissionValue; activityData?: ActivityData; emissionFactor?: EmissionFactor; methodology: Methodology; quality: InventoryQuality; } type SectorType = "ENERGY" | "INDUSTRIAL" | "AGRICULTURE" | "WASTE" | "LULUCF"; interface EmissionValue { value: number; unit: "tCO2e" | "GgCO2e" | "MtCO2e"; uncertainty: number; uncertaintyType: "PERCENTAGE"; } interface ActivityData { value: number; unit: string; description: string; } interface EmissionFactor { value: number; unit: string; source: "IPCC" | "NATIONAL" | "MEASURED"; tier: 1 | 2 | 3; } ``` ### 4.2 Example: Energy Sector Emissions ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "EmissionInventory", "id": "urn:wia:inventory:KOR:2024:energy:001", "reportingEntity": "Republic of Korea", "inventoryYear": 2024, "sector": "ENERGY", "subsector": "Electricity and Heat Production", "gas": "CO2", "emissions": { "value": 245000000, "unit": "tCO2e", "uncertainty": 5, "uncertaintyType": "PERCENTAGE" }, "activityData": { "value": 550000, "unit": "TJ", "description": "Coal consumption for electricity generation" }, "emissionFactor": { "value": 94.6, "unit": "kgCO2/TJ", "source": "IPCC", "tier": 2 }, "methodology": { "approach": "IPCC 2006 Guidelines", "tier": 2, "calculationMethod": "ACTIVITY_DATA × EMISSION_FACTOR" }, "quality": { "completeness": "100%", "consistency": "GOOD", "transparency": "FULL", "accuracy": "±5%" }, "metadata": { "submissionDate": "2025-04-15", "verified": true, "verifier": "Third Party Auditor Inc." } } ``` ### 4.3 Example: Agriculture Sector ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "EmissionInventory", "id": "urn:wia:inventory:KOR:2024:agri:001", "reportingEntity": "Republic of Korea", "inventoryYear": 2024, "sector": "AGRICULTURE", "subsector": "Enteric Fermentation", "gas": "CH4", "emissions": { "value": 25000000, "unit": "tCO2e", "uncertainty": 20, "uncertaintyType": "PERCENTAGE" }, "activityData": { "value": 3500000, "unit": "head", "description": "Cattle population" }, "emissionFactor": { "value": 100, "unit": "kgCH4/head/year", "source": "IPCC", "tier": 1 }, "methodology": { "approach": "IPCC 2006 Guidelines", "tier": 1, "calculationMethod": "LIVESTOCK_POPULATION × EMISSION_FACTOR × GWP" }, "quality": { "completeness": "95%", "consistency": "MODERATE", "transparency": "PARTIAL", "accuracy": "±20%" } } ``` --- ## Satellite Data Format ### 5.1 NetCDF Structure (OCO-2 L2) ``` netcdf oco2_L2_20250115 { dimensions: sounding = UNLIMITED; vertex = 4; variables: double time(sounding); time:long_name = "Time of sounding"; time:units = "seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC"; float latitude(sounding); latitude:long_name = "Center latitude"; latitude:units = "degrees_north"; latitude:valid_range = -90.0, 90.0; float longitude(sounding); longitude:long_name = "Center longitude"; longitude:units = "degrees_east"; longitude:valid_range = -180.0, 180.0; float xco2(sounding); xco2:long_name = "Column-averaged CO2"; xco2:units = "ppm"; xco2:uncertainty = "xco2_uncertainty"; float xco2_uncertainty(sounding); xco2_uncertainty:long_name = "XCO2 uncertainty"; xco2_uncertainty:units = "ppm"; int xco2_quality_flag(sounding); xco2_quality_flag:long_name = "Quality flag"; xco2_quality_flag:flag_values = 0, 1; xco2_quality_flag:flag_meanings = "good bad"; float surface_pressure(sounding); surface_pressure:long_name = "Surface pressure"; surface_pressure:units = "hPa"; // Global attributes :title = "OCO-2 Level 2 XCO2 retrievals"; :institution = "NASA JPL"; :source = "OCO-2 satellite"; :version = "v10r"; :date_created = "2025-01-16T00:00:00Z"; } ``` ### 5.2 JSON Conversion (Single Sounding) ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "SatelliteRetrieval", "mission": "OCO-2", "product": "L2_Lite", "version": "v10r", "sounding": { "id": "2025011512345678", "time": "2025-01-15T12:34:56Z", "location": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [126.975, 37.565], [126.980, 37.565], [126.980, 37.570], [126.975, 37.570], [126.975, 37.565] ] ] }, "xco2": { "value": 420.5, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.5 }, "quality": { "flag": 0, "flagMeaning": "good", "cloudFraction": 0.05, "surfacePressure": 1013.25, "solarZenithAngle": 45.2 } }, "metadata": { "orbitNumber": 12345, "footprint": "nadir", "gainMode": "H" } } ``` --- ## Ground Station Data ### 6.1 NOAA Flask Sample Format ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "GroundMeasurement", "network": "NOAA GML", "station": { "code": "MLO", "name": "Mauna Loa Observatory", "location": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [-155.5763, 19.5362], "altitude": 3397, "srid": "EPSG:4326" } }, "sample": { "id": "MLO-2025-001-001", "collectionTime": "2025-01-15T12:00:00Z", "collectionMethod": "FLASK", "analysisDate": "2025-01-20T10:00:00Z" }, "measurements": [ { "gas": "CO2", "value": 420.5, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.1, "instrument": "NDIR", "calibrationScale": "WMO-CO2-X2019" }, { "gas": "CH4", "value": 1950, "unit": "ppb", "uncertainty": 2, "instrument": "GC-FID", "calibrationScale": "WMO-CH4-X2004A" } ], "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "notes": "" } } ``` ### 6.2 TCCON Data Format ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "TCCONMeasurement", "site": { "code": "pa", "name": "Park Falls", "location": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [-90.2732, 45.9459], "altitude": 442, "srid": "EPSG:4326" } }, "timestamp": "2025-01-15T18:30:00Z", "solarZenithAngle": 65.2, "xco2": { "value": 420.8, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.4, "retrievalAlgorithm": "GGG2020" }, "xch4": { "value": 1.950, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.01 }, "quality": { "flag": 0, "flagDescription": "good" } } ``` --- ## Metadata Standards ### 7.1 Provenance Information ```json { "provenance": { "dataProvider": "NASA JPL", "dataCenter": "GES DISC", "processingLevel": "L2", "processingVersion": "v10r", "processingDate": "2025-01-16T00:00:00Z", "algorithmVersion": "ACOS v9", "inputData": [ { "product": "OCO-2 L1B", "version": "v10r", "files": ["oco2_L1B_20250115_*.h5"] } ], "qualityControl": { "applied": true, "filters": ["cloud_filter", "aod_filter", "surface_type_filter"] } } } ``` ### 7.2 Licensing & Attribution ```json { "license": { "type": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "NASA JPL OCO-2 Science Team" }, "citation": { "doi": "10.5067/ABC123", "authors": "OCO-2 Science Team", "title": "OCO-2 Level 2 XCO2 Retrievals", "year": 2025, "publisher": "NASA GES DISC" } } ``` --- ## Data Exchange Formats ### 8.1 Supported Formats | Format | Use Case | Advantages | |--------|----------|------------| | **JSON** | API, web services | Human-readable, flexible | | **JSON-LD** | Linked data | Semantic web compatibility | | **NetCDF** | Scientific data | Multidimensional arrays, metadata | | **HDF5** | Satellite archives | High performance, compression | | **CSV** | Inventory reports | Spreadsheet compatible | | **XML** | UNFCCC submission | Standardized reporting format | ### 8.2 CSV Format (Inventory) ```csv Country,Year,Sector,Subsector,Gas,Emissions_tCO2e,Uncertainty_%,Methodology Republic of Korea,2024,Energy,Electricity,CO2,245000000,5,IPCC 2006 Republic of Korea,2024,Agriculture,Enteric,CH4,25000000,20,IPCC 2006 Republic of Korea,2024,Industry,Cement,CO2,35000000,8,IPCC 2006 ``` ### 8.3 XML Format (UNFCCC CRF) ```xml Republic of Korea 2024 2025-04-15 600 -5% 450 75% 75 12.5% ``` --- ## Quality Flags ### 9.1 Quality Flag System | Flag | Value | Meaning | Action | |------|-------|---------|--------| | **GOOD** | 0 | High quality | Use for analysis | | **MARGINAL** | 1 | Moderate quality | Use with caution | | **BAD** | 2 | Poor quality | Exclude from analysis | | **MISSING** | -999 | No data | Fill value | ### 9.2 Quality Criteria **Satellite Data**: ```json { "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "criteria": { "cloudFraction": "<0.1", "solarZenithAngle": "<70°", "surfaceType": "land", "aod": "<0.3", "retrievalConvergence": "true" }, "confidence": 0.95 } } ``` **Ground Data**: ```json { "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "criteria": { "calibrationStatus": "current", "instrumentStatus": "operational", "dataCompleteness": ">95%", "outlierTest": "passed" } } } ``` --- ## Examples ### 10.1 Complete Measurement Example ```json { "@context": "https://wiastandards.com/context/ghg/v1", "@type": "GHGMeasurement", "id": "urn:wia:ghg:measurement:2025:001", "timestamp": "2025-01-15T12:00:00Z", "location": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [126.9780, 37.5665], "altitude": 50, "srid": "EPSG:4326", "description": "Seoul, South Korea" }, "gas": "CO2", "concentration": { "value": 420.5, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": 0.5, "uncertaintyType": "ABSOLUTE" }, "dataSource": { "platform": "SATELLITE", "mission": "OCO-2", "instrument": "Spectrometer", "level": "L2", "version": "v10r", "soundingId": "2025011512000000" }, "quality": { "flag": "GOOD", "flagValue": 0, "confidence": 0.95, "cloudFraction": 0.05, "surfacePressure": 1013.25, "solarZenithAngle": 45.2, "aod": 0.15 }, "provenance": { "provider": "NASA JPL", "processingDate": "2025-01-16T00:00:00Z", "processingVersion": "v10r", "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "doi": "10.5067/ABC123" }, "metadata": { "orbitNumber": 12345, "footprintMode": "nadir", "gainMode": "H" } } ``` --- **Document Status**: ✅ Phase 2 Complete **Next Phase**: [PHASE-3-PROTOCOL.md](PHASE-3-PROTOCOL.md) **Maintained by**: WIA Standards Committee **弘益人間** · Benefit All Humanity --- © 2025 WIA - World Certification Industry Association Licensed under MIT License